What’s inside atl object

Now, let’s take a look the atl object in which we read the GTFA feed from MARTA. This object is a list. In it, names(atl) shows that there are 9 data.frames. Notice that there are many tables displayed in Table 1 above, but only some of them are in atl. Notice in Table 1 that only some are required; others are optional.

typeof(atl)

## [1] "list"

names(atl)

## [1] "agency"         "calendar"       "calendar_dates" "routes"        
## [5] "shapes"         "stop_times"     "stops"          "trips"         
## [9] "."

print(head(atl))

## $agency
## # A tibble: 1 × 7
##   agency_id agency_name                  agenc…¹ agenc…² agenc…³ agenc…⁴ agenc…⁵
##   <chr>     <chr>                        <chr>   <chr>   <chr>   <chr>   <chr>  
## 1 MARTA     Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid … http:/… Americ… en      (404)8… custse…
## # … with abbreviated variable names ¹​agency_url, ²​agency_timezone,
## #   ³​agency_lang, ⁴​agency_phone, ⁵​agency_email
## 
## $calendar
## # A tibble: 4 × 10
##   service_id monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday sunday start_date
##   <chr>       <int>   <int>     <int>    <int>  <int>    <int>  <int> <date>    
## 1 2               0       0         0        0      0        0      0 2021-08-14
## 2 3               0       0         0        0      0        1      0 2021-08-14
## 3 4               0       0         0        0      0        0      1 2021-08-14
## 4 5               1       1         1        1      1        0      0 2021-08-14
## # … with 1 more variable: end_date <date>
## # ℹ Use `colnames()` to see all variable names
## 
## $calendar_dates
## # A tibble: 3 × 3
##   service_id date       exception_type
##   <chr>      <date>              <int>
## 1 5          2021-09-06              2
## 2 5          2021-11-25              2
## 3 5          2021-11-26              2
## 
## $routes
## # A tibble: 118 × 8
##    route_id route_short_name route_lon…¹ route…² route…³ route…⁴ route…⁵ route…⁶
##    <chr>    <chr>            <chr>       <chr>     <int> <chr>   <chr>   <chr>  
##  1 15664    1                Marietta B… ""            3 https:… FF00FF  ""     
##  2 15665    2                Ponce de L… ""            3 https:… 008000  ""     
##  3 15666    3                Martin Lut… ""            3 https:… FF8000  ""     
##  4 15667    4                Moreland A… ""            3 https:… FF00FF  ""     
##  5 15668    5                Piedmont R… ""            3 https:… 00FFFF  ""     
##  6 15669    6                Clifton Ro… ""            3 https:… 008080  ""     
##  7 15670    8                North Drui… ""            3 https:… 008000  ""     
##  8 15671    9                Boulevard … ""            3 https:… 00FFFF  ""     
##  9 15672    12               Howell Mil… ""            3 https:… FF00FF  ""     
## 10 15673    14               14th Stree… ""            3 https:… 00FF00  ""     
## # … with 108 more rows, and abbreviated variable names ¹​route_long_name,
## #   ²​route_desc, ³​route_type, ⁴​route_url, ⁵​route_color, ⁶​route_text_color
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## $shapes
## # A tibble: 370,776 × 4
##    shape_id shape_pt_lat shape_pt_lon shape_pt_sequence
##    <chr>           <dbl>        <dbl>             <int>
##  1 119402           33.8        -84.6                 1
##  2 119402           33.8        -84.6                 2
##  3 119402           33.8        -84.6                 3
##  4 119402           33.8        -84.6                 4
##  5 119402           33.8        -84.6                 5
##  6 119402           33.8        -84.6                 6
##  7 119402           33.8        -84.6                 7
##  8 119402           33.8        -84.6                 8
##  9 119402           33.8        -84.6                 9
## 10 119402           33.8        -84.6                10
## # … with 370,766 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows
## 
## $stop_times
## # A tibble: 1,033,990 × 5
##    trip_id arrival_time departure_time stop_id stop_sequence
##    <chr>   <time>       <time>         <chr>           <int>
##  1 8044645 14:35:00     14:35:00       903320              1
##  2 8044645 14:36:02     14:36:02       903448              2
##  3 8044645 14:36:51     14:36:51       901144              3
##  4 8044645 14:37:43     14:37:43       904219              4
##  5 8044645 14:38:19     14:38:19       903850              5
##  6 8044645 14:38:39     14:38:39       903664              6
##  7 8044645 14:39:39     14:39:39       213268              7
##  8 8044645 14:40:12     14:40:12       213101              8
##  9 8044645 14:41:35     14:41:35       212926              9
## 10 8044645 14:41:53     14:41:53       211886             10
## # … with 1,033,980 more rows
## # ℹ Use `print(n = ...)` to see more rows

Calculate area of service by SES

One of the simplest ways to calculate transit service quality is to look at the areas within each neighborhood that is within a certain distance from transit stops or routes.

In this section, we will

1. Extract transit lines (and stops) for rail and bus transit,
2. Draw buffers around them,
3. Intersect the buffer with Census Tracts,
4. Calculate the proportion of each Census Tract that are within the buffers.

Step 1: Extracting lines

GTFS from MARTA contains information about both rails and buses. The routes table in atl has a column named route_type, which contains integer values denoting types of transit service (e.g., bus vs. rail transit). To see what each integer means, you will need to look at the link to the Reference provided above (or see below for a screen capture from the Reference).

Reference from Google

routes table contains route_types, which is needed for separating rail transit from bus transit. shapes table contains the geographic information needed for geo-operations such as buffer, intersections, etc. Because routes and shapes table do not contain a common key, they need to be joined through trips table as intermediate table.

Notice that there can be multiple trips that runs on the same routes. If we join trips and routes, one rows in routes table will be matched with multiple rows in trips table and create duplicated.

# Join routes table with trips table with shapes table
trip_routes <- atl$trips %>% 
  full_join(atl$routes, by = "route_id")

trip_shape <- atlsf$shapes %>% 
  full_join(atl$trips %>% 
              select(shape_id, trip_id), 
            by = "shape_id")

# Merging the two into one and then taking only one row for each
# unique combination of route_id and shape_id.
route_trip_shape <- trip_shape %>% 
  select(-shape_id) %>% 
  full_join(trip_routes, by = c("trip_id")) %>% 
  group_by(shape_id, route_id) %>% 
  slice(1)

# Route type is not really intuitive - let's fix that
route.shape <- route_trip_shape %>% 
  mutate(route_type = case_when(
    route_type == "0" ~ 'Tram, Streetcar',
    route_type == "1" ~ 'Subway, Metro',
    route_type == "2" ~ 'Rail',
    route_type == "3" ~ 'Bus'
  ))

pal <- leaflet::colorFactor(c("red", "orange", "pink"), domain = route.shape$route_type)

route.shape %>% 
  leaflet::leaflet(data = .) %>% 
    leaflet::addProviderTiles(providers$CartoDB.DarkMatter) %>% 
    leaflet::addPolylines(color = ~pal(route_type), 
                 weight = 3,
                 opacity = 0.9,
                 popup = paste0("Route type: ", route.shape$route_type))

# If we do not convert CRS to a projected one, the buffer may generate a ragged boundaries. 
# https://r-spatial.github.io/sf/articles/sf7.html#buffers-1
# https://r-spatial.org/r/2020/06/17/s2.html#sf-10-goodbye-flat-earth-welcome-s2-spherical-geometry

sf::sf_use_s2(TRUE) # This is default to TRUE when we load SF package. So this code is not really needed. I added it here just to make it more explicit.
MARTA_buffer <- route.shape %>% 
  sf::st_transform(crs = 26967) %>% 
  sf::st_buffer(dist = units::set_units(400, "m")) 

# To union the buffer polygons by route_type
MARTA_buffer_group <- MARTA_buffer %>% 
  group_by(route_type) %>% 
  summarise()

pal <- colorFactor(palette = c("red", "yellow", "blue"), domain = MARTA_buffer_group$route_type)

leaflet() %>% 
  addProviderTiles(providers$CartoDB.DarkMatter) %>% 
  addPolygons(data = MARTA_buffer_group %>% st_transform(crs = 4326), col = ~pal(route_type),
              popup = MARTA_buffer_group$route_type) 

acs2020c <- acs2020 %>% 
  select(GEOID,
         hhinc = hhincE,
         r_tot = r_totE,
         r_wh = r_whE,
         r_bl = r_blE,
         tot_hh = tot_hhE,
         own_novhc = own_novhcE,
         rent_novhc = rent_novhcE) %>% 
  mutate(pct_wh = r_wh / r_tot,
         pct_bl = r_bl / r_tot,
         pct_novhc = (own_novhc + rent_novhc)/tot_hh) %>% 
  # Calculate area of the Census Tract polygons
  mutate(area1 = unclass(st_area(.))) %>% 
  mutate(ln_pop_den = log((r_tot / (area1/1000^2)) + 1)) %>% 
  filter(!is.na(hhinc), !is.na(r_tot), !is.na(own_novhc))

pal1 <- colorNumeric(palette = "YlOrRd", domain = acs2020c$hhinc)
pal2 <- colorFactor("Spectral", domain = MARTA_buffer_group$route_type)

leaflet() %>% 
  addProviderTiles(providers$CartoDB.DarkMatter) %>% 
  addPolygons(group = "ACS",
              data = acs2020c, 
              color = "grey", 
              fillColor = ~pal1(hhinc), 
              fillOpacity = 0.5,
              weight = 1, 
              popup = leafpop::popupTable(round(st_drop_geometry(acs2020c[,c("hhinc", "pct_wh", "pct_bl")]),2))) %>% 
  addPolygons(group = "MARTA",
              data = MARTA_buffer_group %>% 
                st_transform(crs = st_crs(acs2020c)), 
              color = ~pal2(route_type),
              weight = 1,
              opacity = 0.9) %>% 
  addLayersControl(
    overlayGroups = c("ACS", "MARTA"),
    options = layersControlOptions(collapsed = FALSE)
  )

## Warning: sf layer has inconsistent datum (+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +no_defs).
## Need '+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84'

## Warning: sf layer has inconsistent datum (+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +no_defs).
## Need '+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84'

# Intersect buffer with tract 
buffer_per_tract1 <- acs2020c %>% 
  st_transform(crs = 26967) %>% 
  st_intersection(MARTA_buffer_group) %>% 
  filter(route_type == "Bus") %>% 
  # After Intersection
  mutate(subarea = unclass(st_area(.)),
         pct_served1 = subarea/area1) %>% 
  st_transform(crs = 4326)

## Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout all
## geometries

buffer_per_tract2 <- acs2020c %>% 
  left_join(buffer_per_tract1 %>% select(GEOID, pct_served1) %>% st_set_geometry(NULL),
            by = "GEOID") %>% 
  # There are many NAs in the pct_served1 column
  mutate(pct_served1 = case_when(is.na(pct_served1) ~ 0,
                                 TRUE ~ pct_served1))

pal <- colorNumeric(palette = "YlOrRd", domain = buffer_per_tract2$pct_served1)

leaflet() %>% 
  addProviderTiles(providers$CartoDB.DarkMatter) %>% 
  addPolygons(data = buffer_per_tract2, 
              fillColor = ~pal(pct_served1), fillOpacity = 0.9, 
              color = "white", opacity = 0.2, 
              weight = 1) %>% 
  addLegend("bottomright",
            pal = pal,
            values = buffer_per_tract2$pct_served1,
            title = "% Area within 400m from transit line") 

## Warning: sf layer has inconsistent datum (+proj=longlat +datum=NAD83 +no_defs).
## Need '+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84'

# Is there any correlation between SES and service area?
var_name <- list(
  'hhinc'="Annual Household Income",
  'pct_bl'="% Black population",
  'pct_novhc'="% Household without vehicle",
  'pct_wh'="% White population",
  'r_tot'="Total population",
  'ln_pop_den' = "Population density"
)

var_labeller <- function(variable, value){
  return(var_name[value])
}

na_index <- buffer_per_tract2 %>% 
  select(hhinc, r_tot, ln_pop_den, starts_with('pct')) %>% 
  is.na(.) %>% 
  apply(., 1, function(x) sum(x)==0)

buffer_per_tract2 %>% 
  filter(na_index) %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = c('hhinc', 'pct_wh', 'pct_bl', 'pct_novhc', "r_tot", "ln_pop_den"), names_to = "variable", values_to = "value") %>% 
  ggplot() +
  geom_point(aes(x = pct_served1, y = value), alpha = 0.4) +
  facet_wrap(~variable, scales = "free_y", labeller = var_labeller) +
  labs(x = "% Area with 400m beffer from transit line") +
  theme_bw()

## Warning: The labeller API has been updated. Labellers taking `variable` and
## `value` arguments are now deprecated. See labellers documentation.

test_var <- c("hhinc", "pct_bl", "pct_wh", "pct_novhc", "r_tot", "ln_pop_den")

map_chr(test_var, function(x){
  cor.object <- cor.test(buffer_per_tract2[['pct_served1']], 
                         buffer_per_tract2[[x]])
  r <- round(cor.object$estimate,3)
  t <- round(cor.object$statistic,3)
  p <- round(cor.object$p.value,3)
  return(paste0("for ",x ,", r=", r, " (t=", t, ", p=", p, ")"))
})

## [1] "for hhinc, r=-0.419 (t=-11.191, p=0)"    
## [2] "for pct_bl, r=0.121 (t=2.95, p=0.003)"   
## [3] "for pct_wh, r=-0.134 (t=-3.292, p=0.001)"
## [4] "for pct_novhc, r=0.526 (t=15.02, p=0)"   
## [5] "for r_tot, r=-0.311 (t=-7.935, p=0)"     
## [6] "for ln_pop_den, r=0.526 (t=14.997, p=0)"

Merge frequency by stop information with ACS data

stop_tract <- acs2020c %>% 
  st_transform(crs = 4326) %>% 
  st_join(stop_freq_sf) %>% 
  group_by(GEOID) %>% 
  summarise(n_departures = sum(n_departures),
            hhinc = mean(hhinc),
            r_tot = mean(r_tot),
            pct_wh = mean(pct_wh),
            pct_bl = mean(pct_bl),
            pct_novhc = mean(pct_novhc),
            r_tot = mean(r_tot),
            ln_pop_den = mean(ln_pop_den))

knitr::kable(head(stop_tract))

z <- function(vector){ round((vector - mean(vector))/sd(vector), 3) }

pass_per_stop_pal <- colorQuantile(palette = "Reds", domain = stop_tract$n_departures)

leaflet() %>% 
  addProviderTiles(providers$CartoDB.DarkMatter) %>% 
  addPolygons(data = stop_tract, 
              fillColor = pass_per_stop_pal(stop_tract$n_departures),
              fillOpacity = 0.8,
              color = 'grey',
              weight = 1, 
              popup = paste0("ID: ", stop_tract$GEOID, ", Value: ", stop_tract$n_departures)) %>% 
  addLegend(position = "bottomright",
            values = stop_tract$n_departures,
            pal = pass_per_stop_pal)

message(str_c("there are ", sum(is.na(stop_tract$n_departures)), " NAs in n_departures"))

## there are 84 NAs in n_departures

plotly::ggplotly(departure_count)

Calculate travel times from one station to all other stations

The tidytransit package offers a very convenient function that calculates the shortest travel times from a stop to all other stops. Try ?tidytransit::travel_times to see what this function does and what arguments it takes. Notice that only two out of nine arguments are required arguments, and the rest are optional. The required arguments are ‘filtered_stop_times’ and ‘stop_name.’ If you do not provide the optional arguments, the function will use the pre-populated values for the calculation.

But if you run the function right away, there will be an error. The error is caused by the fact that there are stations that share names but are far from each other. There may be more than one stations in different parts of the city that share their names, which sometimes actually happen in real world. If duplicate names in our dataset is caused by these legitimate cases, the duplicate names should not be considered as errors. However, if in reality there are no such stations, the duplicate names would be actual flaws in your data.

The travel_times() function calculates travel time based on station names. This function is designed to throw an error if there are stops with the same name regardless of whether the duplicate names are legitimate reflection of the real world or flaws in the data. One exceptional case when duplicated names don’t cause error is when the stations with duplicate names are within 300 meters from each other – in this case, the function considers the two stations may actually be the same station and merges them.

For all other cases (duplicate names that are 200-meters apart), we need to modify the duplicate names so that the names are actually different. We do that through the following steps:

1. For each unique station names in stops table, calculate how many duplicates there are and, if there are duplicates, calculate distances to the duplicate stops. stop_group_distances() function can do this.
2. Get names of the stops that have duplicates far from each other. If stops with duplicate names are close (e.g., within 200 meters), they may actually be same stations.
3. For all stops with duplicates > 200-meter distances, change their station names by appending (1), (2), … (n) where n is the number of duplicates. For example, if there are two “MIDTOWN STATION”s, they will each be “MIDTOWN STATION (1)” and “MIDTOWN STATION (2)”.
4. One of the requirements for travel_times() function is that atl object contains a transfer table, which is absent when freshly imported from the hard drive. This is NOT always the case – the transfer table is an optional table in GTFS definition. Some entities include transfer table by default, some don’t. MARTA is among those who don’t include transfer table. We can use gtfs_transfer_table() function from gtfsrouter package to create this table and include it to the atl object.
5. Finally, one of the two required arguments, ‘filtered_stop_times’, takes an output from a function called tidytransit::filter_stop_times(). This function takes two required arguments: (1) our atl object and (2) a date for which we’d like calculate travel time. You can also choose to specify (3) minimum departure time and (4) maximum arrival time.

Finally, you are ready to calculate travel times!

# Step 1:
stop_dist <- stop_group_distances(atlsf$stops, by='stop_name') %>% 

# Step 2:  
  filter(dist_max > 200)

# Step 3
atl$stops <- atl$stops %>% 
  group_by(stop_name) %>% 
  mutate(stop_name = case_when(stop_name %in% stop_dist$stop_name ~ paste0(stop_name, " (", seq(1,n()), ")"),
                               TRUE ~ stop_name)) 

# Step 4
atl$transfers <- gtfsrouter::gtfs_transfer_table(atl, 
                                     d_limit = 200, 
                                     min_transfer_time = 120)
# Step 5
am_stop_time <- filter_stop_times(gtfs_obj = atl, 
                                  extract_date = "2021-08-14",
                                  min_departure_time = 3600*7, # input unit is in second. So 3500*7 is 7AM
                                  max_arrival_time = 3600*10)  # similarly, this is 10AM 

# travel_times
trvt <- travel_times(filtered_stop_times = am_stop_time,
                     stop_name = "MIDTOWN STATION",
                     return_coords = TRUE)

# ..and visualize the output
trvt_pal <- colorQuantile(palette = "Reds", domain = trvt$travel_time)

leaflet() %>% 
  addProviderTiles(providers$CartoDB.DarkMatter) %>% 
  addCircles(data = trvt %>% st_as_sf(coords = c("to_stop_lon", "to_stop_lat"), crs = 4326), # converting trvt into sf object on the fly.
             fillColor = ~trvt_pal(travel_time), # Define color
             stroke = F, # Turn off the outer border lines of circles
             radius = 300, # Size of the circle
             fillOpacity = 0.7, # Transparency
             popup = paste0("Travel Time from <br> <strong> MIDTOWN: ", round(trvt$travel_time/60, 2), " minutes <strong>") %>% # Defines what's displayed on popup
               lapply(htmltools::HTML))

On average, you can see that it takes 50.1 minutes from the Midtown Station to other stations. On the map, you can see that it takes longer time to get to stops that are further away from the Midtown Station.

# Average time to get to other stations
print(str_c("On average, it takes ", 
            round(mean(trvt$travel_time)/60,1), 
            " minutes to travel from the Midtown Station to all other stations."))

## [1] "On average, it takes 50.1 minutes to travel from the Midtown Station to all other stations."